This study aimed to sustainability analysis of specialized tobacco Cultivation system in Golestan Province. Research method adopted a causal- correlational approach. The population of this research were all oriental tobacco growers of Golestan province and based on a Cochran formula 140 people was selected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was measured through Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.706 to 0.81. The findings results showed that 13% of sustainability of specialized tobacco Cultivation system was very high, 40.8% was high, 28.6% was medium, 17.6% was low, and the most important effective factors on sustainability of specialized tobacco Cultivation system was training and support service factors with path coefficient of 0.23 and 0.22. Also labor and economic empowerment status factors affected on Sustainability of specialized tobacco Cultivation system in Golestan Province.

This study explores the motivational components within teacher rating systems and their impact on professional growth motivation. Employing a systematic review approach, it investigates texts pertaining to teacher rating systems, motivation, and professional development literature. By examining various texts and research findings on teacher motivation, factors influencing teacher ratings based on general, specialized, and professional competencies, as well as experience, are identified. Drawing parallels with Herzberg's motivational theory, this study provides recommendations to bolster teacher motivation and job satisfaction through improvements in the rating system.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including Cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

This study presents a detailed analysis of cost management for intensive Cultivation activity in terms of tomato production. The main objective was to provide qualitative and quantitative costs obtained in the intensive Cultivation of tomato. This methodology was structured by activity costs (soil preparation and planting, crop monitoring, harvesting, selling, etc.) through a study in greenhouses in Almeria, Spain. According to the results, this kind of management provides a cost analysis of the products, with extensive information on variable costs, produces measures that are used for cost management and operational performance evaluation; helps in the identification and the evolution of costs; identifies the main activities and tasks carried out during the growing season; and quantifies the cost margin, which enables the farmers to position their products strategically in the market with competitors.

People from the pasts very far reached to the fact that they have to make a living and moving toward progress must attention to the elements of trade, agriculture and industry. In the centuries that followed this necessary to believe that among the three elements mentioned, food production and agricultural have priority. The cotton plant as a basic and strategy product has long been attractive. This study investigated the feasibility study of Cultivation in Joyom, Larestan, and the parameters of precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, water and soil is studied and analyzed. Then Using geographic information system (GIS) maps needed prepared and them has been analyzed. The results of this research suggest that the climate elements, planting dates and water quality can have the most important role in the Cultivation of cotton in the Joyom city. The results show that the Cultivation of cotton in Joyom is may 5 the start time and the crop November 11. The maps combination and overlapping due to the climatic and non-climatic factors show that the plain Joyom is area suitable for cotton Cultivation. Requirements for cotton Cultivation in this area is desirable or very close to favorable conditions. So with respect to the start time of planting and farmers' awareness of this issue, can increase the utilization of cotton in the region.